Weiter zum Inhalt

Mobilizing Supporters for the Song Restoration: Narratives and Allusions in the “Empress Dowager's Letter to Be Promulgated across the Realm”

Ming Kin Chu


Seiten 251 - 278

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/jasiahist.55.2.0251




How could potential supporters be mobilized to restore the defunct Song dynasty
in 1127? This paper sheds light on this question through a comprehensive
analysis of a letter composed by Wang Zao on behalf of the Song empress dowager
calling for extensive support for a surviving Song prince, Prince Kang, the
later Emperor Gaozong, after the Jurchens' conquering of the Song. Instead of
marginalizing former Song subjects who served the puppet Chu regime and
denouncing them as traitors, Wang portrayed their treasonous deeds as an
expedience driven by their loyalty to the Song - rhetoric designed to solicit
their support for Prince Kang. Moreover, to reinforce his legitimacy as heir to
the Song throne by heavenly mandate, Wang described how Liu Xiu and Chong'er had
previously restored the glory of the Han dynasty and the Jin state of the Spring
and Autumn Period, respectively. It was envisioned that those who read or heard
these well-known stories would have more faith in Prince Kang and support his
endeavors to rebuild the Song empire.

1 Cai, Chongbang 蔡崇榜. Songdai xiushi zhidu yanjiu 宋代修史制度研究. Taibei: Wenjin, 1991.

2 Chaffee, John W. Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1999.

3 Chaffee, John W. “The Rise and Regency of Empress Liu (969–1033)”, Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 31 (2001), 177–200.

4 Chen, Yinke 陳寅恪. “Lun zaisheng yuan” 論再生緣, in Chen Yinke 1980a, 1–96.

5 Chen, Yinke 陳寅恪. Hanliu tang ji 寒柳堂集. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1980 [Chen Yinke 1980a].

6 Chen, Yuan 陳垣. “Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China”, Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014), 325–364.

8 Ch’en, Ch’i-yün [Chen, Qiyun] 陳啓雲. Hsün Yüeh and the Mind of Late Han China: A Translation of the Shen-Chien. Princeton: Princeton University, 1980.

9 Chia, Lucille [Jia, Jinzhu 賈晉珠] and Hilde De Weerdt (eds.). Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900–1400. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

10 Chiba, Hiroshi 千葉焈. “Mō kōgō no kote: Sōdai no kōhi sono san” 孟皇后のこて:宋代の皇妃その三, in Rekishi ronshū: Namae Yoshio Sensei kanreki kinen 歷史論集—生 江義男先生還曆記念 (Tōkyō: Namae Yoshio Sensei Kanreki Kinen Rekishi Ronshū Kankō Iinkai, 1978), 153–191.

11 Davis, Richard L. “Historiography as Politics in Yang Wei-Chen’s ‘Polemic on Legitimate Succession’”, T'oung Pao 69.1-3 (1983), 33–72.

12 Davis, Richard L. Court and Family in Sung China, 960–1279: Bureaucratic Success and Kinship Fortunes for the Shih of Ming-chou. Durham: Duke University, 1986.

13 Davis, Richard L (tr.): Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. New York: Columbia University, 2004.

14 Davis, Richard L. “The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224)”, in: Twitchett and Smith 2009, 756–838.

15 Deng, Xiaonan 鄧小南: Zuzong zhifa: Bei-Song qianqi zhengzhi shulüe 祖宗之法—北宋前期政治述略. Beijing: Sanlian, 2006. Dongdu shilüe 東都事略, by Wang Cheng 王稱 (12th century). Ershiwu bieshi 二十五別史, vols. 13–14, Jinan: Qilu, 2000.

16 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Emperor Huizong. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2014.

17 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley and Paul Jakov Smith (eds.). State Power in China, 900–1325. Seattle: University of Washington, 2016.

18 Fang, Chengfeng 方誠峰. Bei-Song wanqi de zhengzhi tizhi yu zhengzhi wenhua 北宋晚期的政治體制與政治文化. Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2015.

19 Fang, Chengfeng 方誠峰. “Bushi Song Gaozong ‘zui’ai Yuanyou’” 補釋宋高宗 “最愛元祐”, Qinghua daxue xuebao (zhexue shehui kexue ban) 清華大學學報 (哲學社會科學版) 2014.2, 69–76.

20 Fang, Zhenhua [Fang, Cheng-hua] 方震華. “Zhuanji de cuoshi: Nan-Song Lizong jiwei yu zhengju de fenrao” 轉機的錯失—南宋理宗即位與政局的紛擾, Taida lishi xuebao 台大歷史學報 53 (2014), 1–35.

21 Fuxi ji 浮溪集, by Wang Zao 汪藻 (1079–1154). Wuyingdian juzhen banshu 武英殿聚珍版書 edn. [rpt. in Sibu congkan chubian 四部叢刊初編 (Shanghai: Shangwu, 1919), vol. 1039–1046].

22 Fuxi wencui 浮溪文粹, by Wang Zao. 1530 printed edition.

23 Hartman, Charles M. “The Making of a Villain: Ch’in Kuei and Tao-hsüeh”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 58.1 (1998), 59–146 [Hartman 1998a].

24 Hartman, Charles M. “Bibliographic Notes on Sung Historical Works: Topical Narratives from the Long Draft Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror That Aids Administration (Hsü tzuchih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien chi-shih ben-mo 續資治通鑑長編紀事本末) by Yang Chung-liang 楊仲良 and Related Texts”, Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 28 (1998), 177– 200 [Hartman 1998b].

25 Hartman, Charles M. “The Reluctant Historian: Sun Ti, Chu Hsi, and the Fall of Northern Sung”, T'oung Pao 89.1-3 (2003), 100–148.

26 Hartman, Charles M. “Chen Jun’s Outline and Details: Printing and Politics in Thirteenth-Century Pedagogical Histories,” in: Chia and De Weerdt 2011, 273–315.

27 Hartman, Charles M. “Cao Xun and the Legend of Emperor Taizu’s Oath,” in: Ebrey and Smith 2016, 62–98.

28 Hartman, Charles M. The Making of Song Dynasty History: Sources and Narratives, 960–1279 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2021.

29 Hartwell, Robert M.: “A Guide to Documentary Sources of Middle Period Chinese History: Documentary Forms Contained in the Collected Papers Wen-chi of Twenty-One T’ang and Sung Writers”, Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies 18 (1986), 133–182.

30 He, Yuhong 何玉紅. “Zhongxing xingxiang de goujian: Guangwu gushi yu Song Gaozong zhengzhi”中興形象的構建—光武故事與宋高宗政治, Zhongguo shi yanjiu 中國史研究 2017.4, 123–140.

31 Helin yulu 鶴林玉露, by Luo Dajing 羅大經 (1196–a.1252). Tang Song shiliao biji congkan. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1983.

32 Hou-Han shu 後漢書, by Fan Ye 范曄 (398–445). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1965.

33 Huangchao biannian gangmu beiyao 皇朝編年綱目備要, by Chen Jun 陳均 (1174–1244). Beijing: Zhonghua, 2006.

34 Huang Song tongjian changbian jishi benmo 皇宋通鑑長編紀事本末, by Yang Zhongliang 楊仲良 (13th century). Wanwei biecang 宛委別藏, vols. 30–39. Nanjing: Jiangsu guji, 1988.

35 Jianyan jintui zhi 建炎進退志, by Li Gang 李綱 (1083–1140). Quan Song biji 全宋筆記, Ser 3, Vol. 5. Zhengzhou: Daxiang, 2008.

36 Jianyan shizheng ji 建炎時政記, by Li Gang. Quan Song biji, Ser. 3, Vol. 5. Zhengzhou: Daxiang, 2008.

37 Jianyan yilai chaoye zaji 建炎以來朝野雜記, by Li Xinchuan 李心傳 (1166–1243). Tang Song shiliao biji congkan. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2000.

38 Jianyan yilai xinian yaolu 建炎以來繫年要錄, by Li Xinchuan. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2013.

39 Jilei bian 雞肋編, by Zhuang Chuo 莊綽 (ca.1078–?). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1983.

40 Jin, Shaoying 金少英 and Li, Qingshan 李慶善 (eds.). Da Jin diaofalu jiaobu 大金弔伐錄校補. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2001.

41 Jingkang yaolu [jianzhu] 靖康要錄[箋注], by Wang Zao 汪藻 (1079–1154), annot. by Wang Zhiyong 王智勇. Chengdu: Sichuan daxue, 2008.

43 Lamouroux, Christian, and Deng Xiaonan. “The “Ancestors’ Family Instructions”: Authority and Sovereignty in Medieval China”, Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 35 (2005), 79–97.

44 Lau, D. C. [Lau, Dim Cheuk / Liu, Dianjue] 劉殿爵 (tr.): Confucius: The Analects. Hong Kong: Chinese University, 2000.

45 Liang, Weiji [Leung, Wai-kei] 梁偉基. “Cong ‘diji heqin’ dao ‘feili yixing’: Bei-Song Jingkang zhinan xintan” 從「帝姬和親」到「廢立異姓」—北宋靖康之難新探, Xin shixue 新史學 15.3 (2004), 1–46.

46 Levine, Ari D. “Che-tsung’s Reign and the Age of Faction”, in: Twitchett and Smith 2009, 484–555 [Levine 2009a].

47 Levine, Ari D. “The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch’in-tsung (1126–1127) and the Fall of the Northern Sung”, in: Twitchett and Smith 2009, 556–643 [Levine 2009b].

48 Liu, James T. C. [Liu, Zijian] 劉子健. “Accommodative Politics: Sung China and 1930’s China”, Sung Studies Newsletter 4 (1971), 3–6.

49 Liu, Jingzhen 劉靜貞. “Weijia zhisuo: Longyou Meng hou zai Nan-Song chuqi zhengju zhong di weizhi” 唯家之索—隆祐孟后在南宋初期政局中的位置, Guoji shehui kexue zazhi 國際社會科學雜誌 2016.3, 41–51.

50 Liu, Zijian [Liu, James Tzu Chien] 劉子健. Liangsong shi yanjiu huibian 兩宋史硏究彙編. Taibei: Lianjing, 1987.

51 McGrath, Michael. “The Reigns of Jen-tsung (1022–1063) and Ying-tsung (1063–1067)”, in: Twitchett and Smith 2009, 279–346.

52 Qian, Jibo 錢基博. Zhongguo wenxueshi 中國文學史. Wuhan: Huazhong shifan daxue, 2011.

53 Qiu, Jingjia 邱靖嘉: “Guojia tushuguan cang Sanchao beimeng huibian Ming chaoben: jian yu Xu keben xiangjiao” 國家圖書館藏《三朝北盟會編》明抄本考略—兼與許刻本相較, Wenshi 文史 2018.3, 187–204.

54 Quan Song wen 全宋文, ed. by Zeng Zaozhuang 曾棗莊 and Liu Lin 劉琳. 350 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu and Hefei: Anhui jiaoyu, 2006.

55 Rongzhai suibi 容齋隨筆, by Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123–1202). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1978.

56 Sanchao beimeng huibian 三朝北盟會編, by Xu Mengxin 徐夢莘 (1126–1207). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1987 [rpt. of an edn. Publ. 1908, with a preface by Xu Handu 許涵度 (1851–1913); a Ming edn. based on a Song ms., reprinted in Zhonghua zaizao shanben 中華再造善本. Beijing: Guojia tushuguan, 2013].

57 Shen, Chennong 沈忱農. “Songdai wei zuzhi zhi shimo” 宋代偽組織之始末, Songshi yanjiu ji 宋史研究集 2 (1964), 235–244.

58 Shenjian 申鑒, by Xun Yue 荀悦 (148–209). Zhuzi jicheng 諸子集成, vol. 8. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1954.

59 Shi, Yichao 施懿超. Song siliu lungao 宋四六論稿. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2005.

60 Shiji 史記, by Sima Qian 司馬遷 (ca.145–86 BCE). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1959.

61 Shinno, Reiko 秦玲子. “Sōdai no kisai to mikado tsugu kettei ken” 宋代の后と帝嗣決定権, in Yanagida Setsuko Sensei koki kinen Chūgoku no dentō shakai to kazoku 柳田節子先生古稀記念中国の伝統社会と家族 (Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, 1993), 51–70.

62 Song huiyao jigao 宋會要輯稿, re-collected by Xu Song 徐松 (1781–1848). Beijing: Guoli Beiping tushuguan, 1936.

63 Song shi 宋史, by Tuotuo 脫脫 (1313–1355) et al. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1977.

64 Songshi yanjiu ji 宋史研究集, irregularly published journal, ed. by Songshi yanjiu hui 宋史硏究會. Taibei: Guoli bianyiguan, 1958–2006.

65 Tao, Jinsheng [Tao, Jingshen] 陶晉生. “The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung 1127–1162”, in: Twitchett and Smith 2009, 644–709.

66 Twitchett, Denis C. and Paul J. Smith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 5, Part 1: The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2009.

67 Wang Deyi 王德毅. “Wang Zao dui zuanxiu shishu de gongxian Songdai wei zuzhi zhi shimo” 汪藻對纂修史書的貢獻, Songshi yanjiu ji 宋史研究集 19 (1989), 317–336.

68 Wang, Zengyu 王曾瑜. “Bei-Song mo Kaifeng de xianluo, jienan he kangzheng” 北宋末開封的陷落、劫難和抗爭, Hebei daxue xuebao 河北大學學報2005.3, 1–4.

69 Wang, Zhangwei [Wong, Cheung-wai] 王章偉. “Shilun Zhang Bangchang” 試論張邦昌, Shichao 史潮 12 (1987), 10–25.

70 Watson, Burton (tr.). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty. New York: Columbia University, 1993 [revised edn. of 11961].

71 Wechsler, Howard J. Offerings of Jade and Silk: Ritual and Symbol in the Legitimation of the T’ang Dynasty. New Haven: Yale University, 1985.

72 Werner, Sabine. Die Belagerung von K'ai-feng im Winter 1126/27. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992.

73 West, Stephen H., and Wilt L. Idema (trs.). The Orphan of Zhao and Other Yuan Plays: The Earliest Known Versions. New York: Columbia University, 2015.

74 Xie Gui’an 謝貴安. Song shilu yanjiu 宋實錄研究. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2013.

75 Xin Wudai shi 新五代史, by Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 (1007–1072). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1976.

76 Xin’an zhi 新安志, by Luo Yuan 羅願 (1136–1184). Song Yuan zhenxi difangzhi congkan jiabian 宋元珍稀地方志叢刊甲編, vol. 8. Chengdu: Sichuan daxue, 2007.

77 Xu Haoran 許浩然. “Cong Hu Yin shili kan liang Song zhiji de cixue zhi chen” 從胡寅仕歷看兩宋之際的詞學之臣, Zhonghua wenshi luncong 中華文史論叢 2014.1, 267–286.

78 Xu zizhi tongjian changbian 續資治通鑒長編, by Li Tao 李燾 (1115–1184). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1979–1995.

79 Yu, Jiaxi 余嘉錫. Siku tiyao bianzheng 四庫提要辨證. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1985.

80 Yu, Jingxiang 于景祥. Tang Song pianwen shi 唐宋駢文史. Shenyang: Liaoning renmin, 1991.

81 Yu, Yunguo 虞雲國. Nandu junchen: Song Gaozong ji qi shidai 南渡君臣—宋高宗及其時代. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2019.

82 Zhang, Renqing 張仁青. Zhongguo pianwen fazhanshi 中國駢文發展史. Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue, 2009.

83 Zhang, Xiqing 張希清 et al. (eds.): 10–13 shiji Zhongguo wenhua de pengzhuang yu ronghe 10–13 世紀中國文化的碰撞與融合. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin, 2006.

84 Zhao, Dongmei 趙冬梅. “Xiandi huanghou yu jinshang shengmu: shilun huang taihou zai Bei-Song zhengzhi wenhua zhong de hanyi” 先帝皇后與今上生母—試論皇太后在北宋政治文化中的含義, in: Zhang Xiqing et al. 2006, 388–407.

85 Zhizhai shulu jieti 直齋書錄解題, by Chen Zhensun 陳振孫 (1211–1249). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1987.

86 Zhu, Xizu 朱希祖 (1879–1945): Wei-Chu lu jibu 偽楚錄輯補. Taibei: Zhengzhong, 1955.

Empfehlen


Export Citation