Skip to content

Cross-reading “Kang gao,” “Shao gao,” and “Luo gao”

Michael Nylan


Pages 1 - 62

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/jasiahist.54.1.0001




This essay seeks to bring into the same discursive space the entire range of evidence – literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and theoretical – about the seemingly intractable problem presented by a group of chapters in the Documents classic: the circumstances prompting the founding of Luo city 洛/雒邑 and a possibly related site called ChengZhou 成周 in the first decade of early Western Zhou. As multiple secondary sources have acknowledged, the available evidence is unfortunately contradictory, with the result that three main solutions have been proposed: that Luo city is the same as ChengZhou; that Luo city and ChengZhou are two separate cities; and that Luo City and ChengZhou are closely connected somehow, as if in a “package.” Each of these solutions requires ignoring part of the evidence at hand, however. While admitting that a “solution” to this problem at this remove in time seems unlikely, this essay suggests a possible way forward that seems “good to think with.”

1 Allan, Sarah. “The Myth of the Xia Dynasty,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1984.2, 242-256.

2 Allan, Sarah. “On the Identity of Shangdi 上帝 and the Origin of the Concept of a Celestial Mandate (Tian ming 天命),” Early China 31 (2007), 1-46.

3 Arbuckle, Gary. “Restoring Dong Zhongshu (BCE 195-115): An Experiment in Historical and Philosophical Reconstruction.” PhD diss. University of British Columbia, 1991.

4 Bagley, Robert W. Max Loehr and the Study of Chinese Bronzes: Style and Classification in the History of Art. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2008.

5 Bamboo Annals. [1.] Guben Zhushu jinian 古本竹書紀年. See Shao and Nivison (forthcoming).

6 Bamboo Annals. [2.] Jinben Zhushu jinian 今本竹書紀年. See Zhushu jinian 竹書紀年. Yunzhang 蔡运章.

7 Boltz, William G. “The Composite Nature of Early Chinese Texts,” in: Kern 2011, 50-78.

8 Cai Yunzhang 蔡运章 and Yu Lianggen 俞凉亘. “Xi Zhou ChengZhou cheng de jiegou buju ji qi xiangguan wenti” 西周成周的结构布局及其相关问题, Zhongyuan wenwu 中原文物 2016.1, 34-48.

9 Chang Kwang-chih [Zhang Guangzhi 張光直 / 张光直] (1931-2001) The Archaeology of Ancient China (third edition) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977),

10 Chen Changyuan 陈昌远 [陳昌遠]. “Youguan Zhougong Luoyi de jige wenti: jian lun Luoyi Chengzhou de dili weizhi yu zuoyong” 有关周公营雒邑的几个问题—兼论雒邑成周的地理位置与作用, Zhongguo gudai shi luncong 中国古代史论从 (1983), 219-239.

11 Chen Changyuan 陈昌远 [陳昌遠]. “He-Luo diqu: HuaXia wenming de ceyuandi” 河洛地區—华夏文明的策源地, Shixue yuekan 史学月刊 1994.1, 9-15.

12 Chen Chih-feng [Chen Zhifeng] 陳志峰 [陈志峰], Qu Wanli xiansheng jinwen Shangshu zhucheng niandai zhi kaoding: jail nun dui yigu sichao zhi jicheng yu xiuzheng 屈萬里先生金文尚書著成年代之考定—兼論對疑古思潮之繼承與修正, Taidai zhongwen xuebao 臺大中文學報. 53 (2016), 1-53 [continuous pagination: 95-148],

13 Chen Mengjia 陳夢家 “Xi Zhou tongqi duandai (2)” 西周銅器断代 (二), Kaogu xuebao 考古学报 10 (1955), 69-142.

14 Chen Pan 陳槃 [陈盘]. Chunqiu dashi biao lieguo juexing ji cunjian biao zhuanyi 春秋大事表列國爵姓及存減表選異. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiu yuan, Lishi yu yuyan yanjiu suo, [1969,] 31997.

15 Ch'en, Chao-jung [Chen Zhaorong 陳昭容 / 陈昭容]. “On the Possibility that the Two Western Zhou States Yu and Rui were Originally Located in the Jian River Valley,” in: Shaughnessy 2017, 189-207.

16 Cheng Yuanmin 程元敏. Shangshu xueshi 尚書學史. Taipei: Wunan, 2008 [rpt. Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue, 2013].

17 Chin, Tamara. “Orienting Mimesis: Marriage and the Book of Songs,” Representations 94 (2006), 53-79.

18 Chuci 楚辭. Edition in Chuci zhuzi suoyin 楚辭逐字索引, ed. by Liu Dianjue 劉殿爵 and Chen Fangzheng 陳方正. Hong Kong: Shangwu, 2000.

19 Jiaoshi Yilin 焦氏易林, by Jiao Gan 焦贛.

20 Chunqiu Gongyang zhushu 春秋公羊注疏, with commentaries by He Xiu 何休 (jiegu 解詁) and Xu Yan 徐彥 (shu 疏). Shisan jing zhushu.

21 Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhushu 春秋左傳注疏, with commentaries by Du Yu 杜預 (zhu 注) and Kong Yingda 孔穎達 (shu 疏). Shisan jing zhushu.

22 Cook, Constance A., and Paul Rakita Goldin (eds.). A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early China, 2016.

23 Crone, Patricia. Pre-Industrial Societies. London: Blackwell, 1989.

24 Dongpo Shu zhuan 東坡書傳, by Su Shi 蘇軾. Siku quanshu huiyao, vol. 18.

25 Du Yong 杜勇. “Zhouchu dongdu Chengzhou de yingjian” 周初东都成周的营建, Zhongguo lishi dili longcong 中国历史地理论丛 1997.4, 41-60.

26 Du Yong 杜勇. Shangshu Zhouchu bagao yanjiu 《尚书》周初八诰硏究. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue, 1998 [Du].

27 Elman, Benjamin, and Martin Kern (eds.). Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East Asian History. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

28 Espesset, Grégoire. “Later Han Religious Mass Movements and the Early Daoist Church”, in: Lagerwey and Kalinowski 2009, vol. 1, 1061-1102.

29 Fagan, Garrett G. (ed.). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudo-archaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. New York: Routledge, 2006.

30 Fischer, David Hackett. Historian's Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought. New York: Harper Perennial, 1970.

31 Fu Sinian 傅斯年 “Dadong xiaodong shuo: jianlun Lu, Yan, Qi, zai ChengZhou dongnan hou nai dong qian” 大東小東說—兼論魯燕齊在成周東南後乃東遷, Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo jikan 歷史語言研究所集刊 2.1 (1930), 101-109.

32 Gassmann, Robert H. Antikchinesisches Kalenderwesen: Die Rekonstruktion der chunqiuzeitlichen Kalender des Fürstentums Lu und der Zhou-Könige. Schweizer Asiatische Studien, Studienhefte Band 16. Bern: Lang, 2002.

33 Glover, Ian C. “Some National, Regional, and Political Uses of Archaeology in East and Southeast Asia,” in: Stark 2006, 17-36.

34 Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. Gushi bian 古史辨, vol. 1. Beijing: Pushe, 1926.

35 Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. “Zhougong zhili de chuanshuo he Zhouguan yishu de chuxian” 周公制礼的传说和周官一书的出现, Wenshi 文史 6 (1979), 1-40.

36 Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. Shangshu jiaoshi yilun 尚書校釋譯論. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2005.

37 Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛. Songshang dushu ji 淞上讀書記. Edn. in: Gu Jiegang quanji 顧頡剛全集, Gu Jiegang dushu biji 顧頡剛讀書筆記, vol. 2 (Taipei: Lianjing, 1990, rpt. Peking: Zhonghua, 2011), 1-122.

38 Guo Moruo 郭沫若. “You Zhou chu si De qi de kaoshi tandao Yindai yi zai jinxing wenzi jianhua” 由周初四德器的考释谈到殷代已在进行文字简化, Wenwu 文物 1959.7, 1-2.

39 Guo Moruo 郭沫若. Liang Zhou jinwen ci daxi tulu kaoshi, shang 兩周金文辭大系圖錄考釋. 8 vols. Beijing: Kexue, 1957 [rpt. Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1997].

40 Guo Yu 郭玉. “Su Shi Shuzhuan jie jing yu jie jing de wenxue xing” 蘇軾書傳解經與解經的文學性, Neimenggu caijing daxue xuebao 內蒙古財經大學學報. 12,1 (2014), 130-135.

41 Guojia wenwu ju 国家文物局 (eds.). 2016 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2016 中国重要考古发现 Beijing: Wenwu, 2017.

42 Guojia wenwu ju 国家文物局 (eds.). 2017 Zhongguo zhongyao kaogu faxian 2017 中国重要考古发现. Beijing: Wenwu, 2018.

43 Guwen Shangshu zhuanyi 古文尚書撰異, by Duan Yucai 段玉裁. Qiye yanxiangtang 七葉衍祥堂, 1821 [rpt. Xuxiu siku quanshu, vols. 45-46].

44 Hanshu 漢書, by Ban Gu 班固 (32-92), with commentary by Yan Shigu 顏師古 (581-645). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1962.

45 Hayashi Minao 林巳奈夫. In Shū jidai seidōki no kenkyū 殷周時代青銅器の研究; In Shū jidai seidōki sōran 1 殷周時代青銅器綜覽一 Vols. 1-2; In Shū jidai seidōki zuban 殷周時代青銅器圖版. Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 1984.

46 Hayashi Minao 林巳奈夫. In Shū jidai seidōki mon'yō no kenkyū 殷周時代青銅器紋樣の研究, In Shū jidai seidōki sōran 2 殷周時代青銅器綜覽二. Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 1986.

47 He Huaihong 何怀宏 [何懷宏]. Shixi shehui: Xi Zhou zhi Chunqiu shehui xingtai yanjiu 世袭社会—西周至春秋社会形态研究. Beijing: Beijing daxue, 2017.

48 He Ruyue [何如月], and Michael Nylan. “On the Han-era preface (xu 序) to the Documents Classic,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 75.2 (2015) [publ. 2016], 377-427.

49 Henry, Eric (trans.). Advice from the States (Guoyu) [preliminary title] (forthcoming).

50 Hong Ye [William Hung] 洪業 [洪业] (ed.). Chunqiu jingzhuan yinde (fu: biaojiao jingzhuan quanwen) 春秋經傳引得 (附: 標校經傳全文) / Combined Concordances to Ch'un-Ch'iu, Kung-yang, Ku-liang and Tso-chuan. Beiping: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 1937.

51 Hou Hanshu 後漢書, by Fan Ye 范曄, with commentaries by Li Xian 李賢 (655-684); monographs taken from Sima Biao's 司馬彪 Xu Hanshu 續漢書, with commentaries by Liu Zhao 劉昭 (6th cent.). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1965.

52 Hou Weidong 侯卫东. “Lun Xi Zhou wanqi ChengZhou de weizhi ji yingjian Beijing” 論西周晚期成周的位置及营建背景, Kaogu 2016.6, 90-97,

53 Hsü Cho-yun [Xu Zhuoyun] 許倬雲 [许倬云]. Xi Zhou shi 西周史. Taipei: Lianjing 1984 [revised edition: Beijing: Sanlian, 1994].

54 Huang Huaixin 黃懷信 [黄怀信] (ed.). Yi Zhoushu huijiao jizhu (xiuding ben) 逸周書彙校集注 (修訂本). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2007.

55 Huang Huaixin 黃懷信 [黄怀信] (ed.). Shangshu guwen shuzheng 尚書古文疏證. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 2010.

56 Hung, William [Hong Ye 洪業]. “A Bibliographical Controversy at the T'ang Court,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20.1-2 (1957), 74-134.

57 Inoue Susumu 井上進. Chūgoku shuppan bunka shi 中国出版文化史. Nagoya: Nagoya daigaku, 2002.

58 Jiaoshi Yilin 焦氏易林, by Jiao Gan 焦贛. Edition in Jiaoshi Yilin zhuzi suoyin 焦氏易林逐字索引, ed. by He Zhihua 何志華. Hong Kong: Shangwu, 1995.

59 Jinchu Yin Zhou quan wen jilu, er bian 近出殷周金文集錄二編. See Liu Yu and Yan Zhibin 2010.

60 Jinwen zongji 金文總集. See Yan Yiping 1983.

61 Kern, Martin. Text and Ritual in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington, 2011.

62 Khayutina, Maria. “Western ‘Capitals’ of the Western Zhou Dynasty: Historical Reality and Its Reflections until the Time of Sima Qian,” Oriens Extremus 47 (2008), 25-65.

63 Khayutina, Maria. “The Royal Year-Count of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045-771 BC) and Its Use(r)s: A Sociological Perspective,” in: Wang-Riese and Höllmann 2009, 125-151.

64 Khayutina, Maria. “Royal Hospitality and Geopolitical Constitution of the Western Zhou Polity.” T'oung Pao (2nd Ser.) 96.1-3 (2010), 1-73.

65 Koziol, Geoffrey. The Politics of Memory and Identity in Carolingian Royal Diplomas: The West Frankish Kingdom (840-987). Turnout: Brepols, 2012.

66 Lagerwey, John, and Marc Kalinowski (eds.). Early Chinese Religion, Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

67 Lai, Guolong [來國龍/来国龙]. “Textual Fluidity and Fixity in Early Chinese Manuscript Culture,” Chinese Studies in History 50.3 (2017), 172-184.

68 Lee Chi-hsiang [Li Jixiang] 李紀祥. “The Hanshu Geographic Treatise on the Eastern Capital”, submitted for publication, in a volume on the technical arts in Shiji and Hanshu, edited by Mark Csikszentmihalyi and Michael Nylan (forthcoming).

69 Leibold, James. “Competing Narratives of Racial Unity in Republican China: From the Yellow Emperor to Peking Man,” Modern China 32.2 (2006), 181-220.

70 Li, Feng [李峰]. Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2006.

71 Li, Feng [李峰]. Bureaucracy and the State in Early China: Governing the Western Zhou. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2008.

72 Li, Feng [李峰]. Early China: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2013.

73 Li Junming 李均明 and Chen Minzhen 陳民鎮. “Jiandu xue yanjiu 70 nian” 简牍学研究 70 年, Zhongguo wenhua yanjiu 中国文化研究 2019.3, 1-25.

74 Li, Min [李旻]. Social Memory and State Formation in Early China. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2018.

75 Li Xinwei 李新伟 [李新偉]. “Zuichude Zhongguo zhi kaoguxue de rending” 最初的中國之考古学的認定, Kaogu 考古 2016.3, 86-92.

76 Liu Yu 劉雨 [刘雨] and Yan Zhibin 嚴志斌 [严志斌] (eds.). Jinchu Yin Zhou quan wen jilu, er bian 近出殷周金文集錄二編. 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2010.

77 Liu Qiyu 刘起釪 [劉起釪]. “Guanyu ‘Zou chu yigu shidai’ de wenti” 关于 “走出疑古时代”问题, Chuantong wenhua yu xiandai hua 傳統文化與現代化 1995.2, 22-28.

78 Liu Qiyu 刘起釪 [劉起釪]. “Guanyu liguding yu Hetu Luoshu wenti” 关于隶古定与河图洛书问题, in Chuantong wenhua yu xiandai hua 1997.4, 38-46.

79 Liu Qiyu 刘起釪 [劉起釪]. “Liu Qiyu xiansheng lun gaoxueshu fubai de Li Xueqin” 刘起釪先生论搞学术腐败的李学勤, in: Zhuolu luntan 涿鹿论坛, bbs.zhangjk.com/simple/?t396845.html, uploaded May 17, 2012.

80 Loewe, Michael. Records of Han Administration. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1967.

81 Loewe, Michael. Early Chinese Texts, Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 1993.

82 Loewe, Michael. The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to “A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, former Han and Xin periods”. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

83 Lü Jianchang 吕建昌, “Jinwen suo jian youguan Xi Zhou junshi de ruogan wenti” 金文所见有关西周军事的若干问题, Junshi lishi yanjiu 军事历史研究 2001.1, 87-96.

84 Lü Simian 呂思勉 [吕思勉].

85 Lü Jianchang 吕建昌 Zhongguo zhidu shi 中國制度史. Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu, 1985.

86 Lü Jianchang 吕建昌 Lü Simian dushi zhaji 讀史扎記, 3 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1982.

87 Ma Chengyuan 馬承源. “De fangding mingwen guanjian” 德方鼎銘文管見, Wenwu 1963.11, 56-57.

88 Malmqvist, Nils Göran David. Bernhard Karlgren: The Portrait of a Man. Bethelehem, PA: Lanham, 2011.

89 Mann, Michael. The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1986 [rpt. 2005].

90 Matsumoto Masaaki 松本雅明.

91 Mann, Michael. Shunjū sengoku ni okeru Shōsho no tenkai: rekishi ishiki no hatten o chūshin ni 春秋戰國における尚書の展開—歴史意識の發展を中心に. Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1966.

92 Mann, Michael. “Shūkōka to Shōkō ka: Shō kō hen no seiritsu o meguru shumondai” 周公家と召公家—召誥篇の成立をめぐる諸問題, Tōyō gakuhō 54.2 (1971), 188-238.

93 McDermott, Joseph Peter. A Social History of the Chinese Book: Books and Literati Culture in Late Imperial China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 2006.

94 Morkot, Robert. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996.

95 Niu Jingfei 牛敬飞. “Lun Handai Xibu bianjiang shang de ‘Yu gong’ diming” 论汉代西部边疆上的〈禹贡〉地名, Xueshu yuekan 学术月刊 2018.3 (2018), 125-138.

96 Nylan, Michael. “The chin wen/ku wen (New Text/Old Text) Controversy in Han,” T'oung pao 80.1-3 (1994), 83-145.

97 Nylan, Michael. “The Many Faces of the Duke of Zhou,” in: Elman and Kern 2010, 94-128.

98 Nylan, Michael. China's Early Empires: A Re-Appraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2010.

99 Nylan, Michael. Yang Xiong and the Pleasures of Reading and Classical Learning in Han China. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 2011.

100 Nylan, Michael. “Academic Silos: or What I Wish Philosophers Knew about Early History in China,” in: Tan 2017, 91-114.

101 Peng Yushang 彭裕商. “Xin yi kao” 新邑考, Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 2000.5, 49-62.

102 Pines, Yuri. “Zhou History and Historiography: Introducing the Bamboo Manuscript Xinian,” T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014), 287-324.

103 Qu Wanli 屈萬里 [屈万里]. Qu Wanli xiansheng wencun 屈萬里先生文存. Qu Wanli xiangsheng quanji 屈萬里先生全集, vol. 17. Taipei: Lianjing, 1985.

104 Qu Yingjie 屈萬里先生全集, “Zhou du ChengZhou kao” 周都成周考, Shixue jikan 史学集刊 1990.1, 1-7.

105 Quan Han wen 全漢文. See Yan Kejun 1958.

106 Restall, Matthew. When Montezuma Met Cortéz: The True Meaning of the Meeting that Changed History. New York: Ecco, 2018.

107 Richter, Matthias. The Embodied Text: Establishing Textual Identity in Early Chinese Manuscripts. Leiden: Brill, 2014.

108 Riegel, Jeffrey K. “Eros, Introversion, and the Beginnings of Shijing Commentary,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 57.1 (1997), 143-177.

109 Ruan Yuan 阮元. See Shisan jing zhushu 十三經注疏.

110 Sahlins, Marshall, and David Graeber. On Kings. Chicago: Hau, 2017.

111 Sanguo zhi 三國志, by Chen Shou's 陳壽, with commentary by Pei Songzhi 裴松之. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1959.

112 Sena, David M. “Arraying the Ancestors in Ancient China: Narratives of Lineage History in the ‘Scribe Qiang’ and ‘Qiu’ Bronzes Rituals,” in: Cook and Goldin 2016, 63-81.

113 Shang Yantao 商艳涛 [商艷濤]. Xi Zhou jun shi mingwen yanjiu 西周軍事銘文研究. Guangzhou: Huanan ligong daxue, 2013.

114 Shangshu guwen shuzheng 尚書古文疏證, by Yan Ruoqu 閻若璩. See Huang Huaixin and Lü Yixin 2010.

115 Shangshu Kongzhuan canzheng 尚書孔傳參正, by Wang Xianqian 王先謙. Beijing: Xushoutang 虛受堂, 1904 [rpt. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1995].

116 Shangshu quanjie 尚書全解, by Lin Zhiqi 林之竒. Siku quanshu, vol. 55.

117 Shangshu zhengyi 尚書正義, with commentaries by Kong Anguo 孔安國 (zhuan 傳) and Kong Yingda 孔穎達 (shu 疏). Shisan jing zhushu.

118 Shaughnessy, Edward L. “Shang shu 尚書 (Shu ching 書經),” in: Loewe 1993, 376-389.

119 Shaughnessy, Edward L. [please add title, place, and publisher of this publication!], 1999.

120 Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed). Imprints of Kingship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China. Hong Kong: CUHK, 2017.

121 Shao Dongfang [邵東方] and David Nivison (ed. and trans.). Bamboo Annals: Guben Zhushu jinian 古本竹書紀年 [preliminary title]. Classics of Early Chinese Thought series. Seattle: University of Washington (forthcoming).

122 Shi, Jian [石瑊]. “The Formation Process of the Text of the Baihu Tong 白虎通” (forthcoming).

123 Shiji 史記, by Sima Qian 司馬遷, with commentaries by Pei Yin 裴駰 (Shiji jijie 集解), Sima Zhen 司馬貞 (679-732 / Shiji suoyin 索隱) and Zhang Shoujie 張守節 (8th cent. / Shiji zhengyi 正義). Beijing: Zhonghua, 1959.

124 Shisan jing zhushu 十三經注疏, ed. by Ruan Yuan 阮元. Nanchang fuxue 南昌府學, 1815.

125 Shuijing zhu 水經注, by Li Daoyuan 酈道元 (?-527). CHANT edn.

126 Stark, Miriam T. (ed.). Archaeology of Asia. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.

127 Sun, Yan [孙岩 / 孫巖]. “Inscribed Bronzes, Gift-giving and Social Networks in Early Western Zhou,” in: Shaughnessy 2017, 40-70.

128 Tan, Sor Hoon [Chen Suofen 陈素芬] (ed.). The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Chinese Philosophy Methodologies. London: Blackwell, 2017.

129 Tang Jigen 唐际根 [唐際根] and Jing Zhichun 荆志淳. “Anyang de ‘Shang yi’ yu ‘dayi Shang‘” 安阳的 “商邑” 与 “大邑商”, Zhongguo kaogu wang 中国考古网, http://www.kaogu.cn/cn/xueshuyanjiu/yanjiuxinlun/juluoyuchengshikaog/2013/1025/33651.html.

130 Tang Lan 唐蘭 [唐兰]. Xi Zhou qingtongqi mingwen fendai shizheng 西周青銅器銘文分代史徵. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1986.

131 Tashima, Pauli. “Fragments Speak: Reexamining the Rejected Pre-Du Yu Commentaries on the Zuozhuan,” Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, and Reviews (CLEAR) 38 (2016), 1-39.

132 Vankeerberghen. Griet. “Texts and Authors in the Shiji,” in: Nylan and Loewe 2010, 461-479.

133 Wang Guowei 王国维 [王國維]. “Zhou kaiguo nianbiao” 周开国年表, in: Guantang jilin (wai er zhong) 观堂集林 (外二种), ed. by Peng Lin 彭林 (Hebei: Hebei jiaoyu, 2001), 617-623.

134 Wang Shimin 王世民 Chen Gongrou 陳公柔 [陈公柔] and Zhang Changshou 張長壽 [张长寿]. Xi Zhou qingtongqi fenqi duandai yanjiu 西周青銅器分期斷代研究. Beijing: Wenwu, 1999 [Wang et al. 1999].

135 Wang-Riese, Xiaobing, and Thomas O. Höllmann (eds.). Time and Ritual in Early China. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.

136 Wei Chengmin 魏成敏 and Sun Bo 孫波. “Han Wei Luoyang Xi Zhou cheng yu Xi Zhou Luo yi tansuo” 汉魏洛阳西周城与西周洛邑探索, Dongfang kaogu 东方考古 9 (2012), 288-295.

137 Wheatley, Paul. Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 1971.

138 Wu Chengshi 吳承仕. Shangshu zhuan Wang Kong yitong kao 尚書傳王孔異同考, Guoxue congbian 國學叢編 (Beiping Zhongguo daxue 北平中國大學), 1931, 53-77 [Part 1], 1933.2, 34-91 [Part 2].

139 Wu Wei 吴伟 [吳偉]. “Cong 'Luogao,' 'Shaogao' kan Zhouchu de yingjian: jianlun wangcheng yu ChengZhou wenti” 从〈洛诰〉、〈召诰〉看周初营建—兼论王城与成周问题 Yindu xuekan 殷都学刊 2012.4, 34-37.

140 Xia Zhangpu 夏長樸. “Shu yi dao zheng shi: shilun Siku quanshu de Shangshu xueguan” 書以道政事—試論四庫全書的尚書學觀, Lishi wenxian yanjiu 37 (2018), 170-191.

141 Xishan wenji 西山文集. Collected Works of Zhen Dexiu 真德秀 (1178-1235). Siku quanshu, vol. 1174.

142 Xu Zhongshu 徐中舒. “Zuozhuan de zuozhe jiqi chengshu niandai” 左傳的作者及其成書年代, in: Zuozhuan xuan 左傳選 (Beijing: Zhonghua, 1963 [rpt. 1979], “Houxu” 後序 (Postface).

143 Xu Zhongshu 徐中舒. “Pugu, Xuyan, Huai-Yi, qunshu kao” 蒲姑、徐奄、淮夷、群舒考, Sichuan daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 四川大學學報 (哲學社會科學版) 1998.3, 65-76.

144 Xue Ke 雪克 (annot.). Xin yi Gongyang zhuan 新譯公羊傳, Taipei: Sanmin 1998.

145 Yan Kejun 嚴可均 [严可均] (1762-1843, comp.). Quan Shanggu Sandai Qin Han Sanguo Liuchao wen 全上古三代秦漢三國六朝文. Guangzhou: Guangya, 1887-1893 [rpt. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1958.

146 Yan Ruoqu 閻若璩. See Shangshu guwen shuzheng 尚書古文疏證.

147 Yan Yiping 嚴一萍 [严一萍] (comp.). Jinwen zongji 金文總集. 10 vols. Taipei: Yiwen, 1983.

148 Yang Kuan 杨宽 [楊寬]. “Xi Zhou chuqi dongdu ChengZhu de jianshe jiqi zhengzhi zuoyong” 西周初期东都成周的建设及其政治作用, Lishi jiaoxue wenti 历史教学问题 1983.4, 2-10.

149 Yang Shanqun 杨善群 [楊善群]. “Ping Yan Ruqu kaoju de qipianxing: Shangshu guwen shuzheng zonghe yanjiu” 评阎若璩考据的欺骗性—《尚书古文疏证》综合研究, Shilin 史林. 2016.1, 66-83.

150 Yang Shengyong 杨胜勇. Zhongguo yuangu ji Sandai junshi shi 中国远古暨三代军事史. Bai juan ben Zhongguo quanshi 百卷本中国全史 (ed. by Shi Zhongwen 史仲文 and Hu Xiao-lin 胡晓林), vol. 3. Beijing: Renmin, 1994 [trans. Li Shi: The Military History of Remote Antiquity Period [sic] and The Three Dynasties. Google Play books, purchased 2018].

151 Ye Guoliang [Yap Kuo-liang] 葉國良 [叶国良]. Songren yi jing gai jing kao 宋人疑經改經考. Taipei: Guli Taiwan daxue and Hongdao, 1980).

152 Ye Wansong 叶万松 [葉萬松]. Zhang Jian 张剑 [張劍], and Li Defang 李德方. “Xi Zhou Luoyi chengzhi kao” 西周洛邑城址考, HuaXia kaogu 华夏考古 1991.2, 70-76 [Ye Wansong et al. 1991].

153 Yi Zhoushu 逸周書. See Huang Huaixin 2007.

154 Yin Weizhang 殷玮璋 [殷瑋璋]. “Xin chutu de Taibao tongqi jiqi xiangguan wenti” 新出土的太保銅器及其相關問題, Kaogu 考古 1990.1, 66-77.

155 Yin Zhou jinwen jicheng 殷周金文集成, ed. by Zhongguo shehui kexue yuan, Kaogu yan-jiusuo 中国社会科学院考古研究所. Beijing: Zhonghua, 2007.

156 Yin Zhou jinwen jicheng shiwen 殷周金文集成釋文, compiled by Zhongguo shehui kexue yuan, Kaogu yanjiu suo 香港中文大學中國文化研究所. 6 Vols. Hong Kong: Zhong-wen daxue, Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo, 2001.

157 Zeng Yunqian 曾運乾 [曾运乾]. Shangshu zhengdu 尚書正讀. Beijing: Zhonghua, 1964.

158 Zhao Guangxian 赵光贤[趙光賢]. “Chengzhou kao” 成周考—兼与马承源同志商榷, Zhonghua wenshi luncong 中华文史论丛 44 (1989.1), 15-23.

159 Zhao Qingsen 赵庆淼 [趙慶淼] “Zai Lun Xi Zhou shiqi de ‘Zhou’ di ji xiangbing wenti” 再论西周时期的 “周” 地及相兵问题, Sandai kaogu 三代考古 8 (2018), 497-517.

160 Zhou Hongwei 周宏伟 [周宏偉]. “Xi Zhou ducheng zhu wenti shijie” 西周都城诸问题试解 Zhongguo lishi dili luncong 中国历史地理论丛 29.1 (2014), 57-91, 92.

161 Zhu Fenghan 朱凤瀚 [朱鳳瀚]. “Shao gao, Luo gao, He zun yu ChengZhou” 〈召诰〉〈洛诰〉何尊与成周, Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 2006.1, 4-6.

162 Zhushu jinian 竹書紀年. Edition in Zhushu jinian zhuzi suoyin 竹書紀年逐字索引, ed. by He Zhihua 何志華. Hong Kong: Shangwu, 1998.

Share


Export Citation